Is Jojo at risk of having sickle cell disease or being a carrier?

To determine whether Jojo is at risk of having sickle cell disease or being a carrier, it is crucial to understand the inheritance pattern of this genetic condition. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, and it follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. This means that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to have the disease.

If Jojo is neither at risk for sickle cell disease nor a carrier, it implies that either both of Jojo's parents do not carry the sickle cell trait, or Jojo has not inherited any genes associated with sickle cell disease. Without the presence of at least one copy of the mutated gene, Jojo cannot be a carrier or affected by the condition.

In this scenario, it is indicated that Jojo has neither the disease nor is at risk of being a carrier, suggesting that genetic testing or parental genetic history confirms the absence of the sickle cell gene variations. This understanding supports the conclusion that Jojo is not at risk for either being a carrier of sickle cell disease or having the disease itself.